A Password Authenticated Key Exchange Extension for TLS 1.3

Introduction DISCLAIMER: Much of this text is copied from and is in the process of being updated. This is a work-in-progress draft and has not yet seen significant security analysis. See and for more information. In some applications, it is desirable to enable a client and server to authenticate to one another using a low-entropy pre-shared value, such as a user-entered password. In prior versions of TLS, this functionality has been provided by the integration of the Secure Remote Password PAKE protocol (SRP) . The specific SRP integration described in RFC 5054 does not immediately extend to TLS 1.3 because it relies on the Client Key Exchange and Server Key Exchange messages, which no longer exist in 1.3. TLS 1.3 itself provides a mechanism for authentication with pre-shared keys (PSKs). However, PSKs used with this protocol need to be "full-entropy", because the binder values used for authentication can be used to mount a dictionary attack on the PSK. So while the TLS 1.3 PSK mechanism is suitable for the session resumption cases for which it is specified, it cannot be used when the client and server share only a low-entropy secret. Enabling TLS to address this use case effectively requires the TLS handshake to execute a password-authenticated key establishment (PAKE) protocol. This document describes a TLS extension pake that can carry data necessary to execute a PAKE. This extension is generic, in that it can be used to carry key exchange information for multiple different PAKEs. We assume that prior to the TLS handshake the client and server will both have knowledge of the password or PAKE-specific values derived from the password (e.g. augmented PAKEs only require one party to know the actual password). The choice of PAKE and any required parameters will be explicitly specified using IANA assigned values. This document defines concrete protocols for executing the SPAKE2+ and CPACE PAKE protocols.

Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. The mechanisms described in this document also apply to DTLS 1.3 , but for brevity, we will refer only to TLS throughout.

Setup In order to use the extension specified in this document, a TLS client and server need to have pre-provisioned a password (or derived values as described by the desired PAKE protocol(s)). The details of this pre-provisioned information are specific to each PAKE algorithm and are not specified here. Servers will of course have multiple instances of this configuration information for different clients. Clients may also have multiple identities, even within a given server.

PAKE Integration in TLS This section describes how the PAKE protocol is integrated and executed in the TLS handshake.

Client Behavior To offer support for a PAKE protocol, the client sends a pake extension in the ClientHello carrying a PAKEClientHello value: The payload of the client extension has the following PAKEClientHello structure: ; } PAKEShare; struct { opaque client_identity<0..2^16-1>; opaque server_identity<0..2^16-1>; PAKEShare client_shares<0..2^16-1>; } PAKEClientHello; ]]> The PAKEClientHello structure consists of an identity pair under which the client can authenticate alongside a list of PAKE algorithms and the client's first message for each underlying PAKE protocol. Concretely, these structure fields are defined as follows:

client_shares: A list of PAKEShare values, each one with a distinct PAKEScheme algorithm.
client_identity: The client identity used for the PAKE. It may be empty.
server_identity: The server identity used for the PAKE. It may be empty.
pake_scheme: The 2-byte identifier of the PAKE algorithm.
pake_message: The client PAKE message used to initialize the protocol.

The client and server identity fields are common to all PAKEShares to prevent client enumeration attacks; see . The PAKEScheme field in the PAKEShare allows implementations to support multiple PAKEs and negotiate which to use in the context of the handshake. For instance, if a client knows a password but not which PAKE the server supports it could send corresponding PAKEShares for each PAKE. If the client sends multiple PAKEShare values, then they MUST be sorted in monotonically increasing order by the NamedPAKE value. Moreover, the client MUST NOT send more than one PAKEShare with the same NamedPAKE value. specifies that a valid ClientHello must include either a pre_shared_key extension or both a signature_algorithms and supported_groups extension. With the addition of the pake extension specified here, the new requirement is that a valid ClientHello must satisfy at least one of the following options:

includes a pre_shared_key extension
includes signature_algorithms, supported_groups, and key_share extensions
includes pake, supported_groups, and key_share extensions

If a client sends the pake extension, then it MUST also send a supported_groups and key_share extension. Like PSK-based authentication in psk_dhe_ke mode as defined in , authentication with the pake extension is always combined with the normal TLS key exchange mechanism. See for details. Combining the pake extension with the normal TLS key exchange mechanism using a hybrid or PQ key agreement protects against Harvest Now Decrypt Later Attacks where traffic recorded today may be decrypted by a Cryptographically Relevant Quantum Computer (CRQC) in the future. A client which sends both a pake and signature_algorithms extension indicates the client requires both PAKE authentication and standard server certificate authentication. The client MAY also send a pre_shared_key extension along with the pake extension, to allow the server to choose an authentication mode. The server identity value provided in the PAKEClientHello structure are disjoint from that which the client may provide in the ServerNameIndication (SNI) field.

Server Behavior If a server receives a ClientHello with a pake extension, but without both asupported_group and key_share extension it MUST abort the connection with a "missing_extension" alert. If a server receives a ClientHello with a pake extension and pre_shared_key extension then it must choose an authentication mechanism. In cases where client enumeration is a risk, servers SHOULD NOT inspect the offered client_identity fields in the pake extension when deciding between PAKE or PSK authentication since this could be used as an client enumeration tool. A server that receives a pake extension examines its contents to determine if it is well-formed. In particular, if the list of PAKEShare values is not sorted in monotonically increasing order by PAKEScheme values, or if there are duplicate PAKEScheme entries in this list, the server aborts the handshake with an "illegal_parameter" alert. If the list of PAKEShare values is well-formed, the server then scans the list of PAKEShare values to determine if there is one corresponding to a server supported PAKEScheme. If the server does not support any of the offered PAKESchemes in the client PAKEShares then the server MUST abort the protocol with an "illegal_parameter" alert. If the server has a PAKEScheme in common with the client then the server uses the client_identity and server_identity alongside its local database of PAKE registration information to determine if the request corresponds to a legitimate client registration record. If one does not exist, the server MAY simulate a PAKE response as described in . Simulating a response prevents client enumeration attacks on the server's PAKE database; see . If there exists a valid PAKE registration, the server indicates its selection by including a pake extension in its ServerHello. The content of this extension is a PAKEServerHello value, specifying the PAKE the server has selected, and the server's first message in the PAKE protocol. The format of this structure is as follows: The server_share value of this structure is a PAKEShare, which echoes back the PAKE algorithm chosen and the server's PAKE message generated in response to the client's PAKE message. If a server uses PAKE authentication, then it MUST NOT send an extension of type pre_shared_key, or early_data. Use of PAKE authentication MAY be used with certificate-based authentication of both clients and servers. If use of a PAKE is negotiated and the client included the signature_algorithms extension, then servers MUST include Certificate and CertificateVerify messages in the handshake. The server MAY send a CertificateRequest for client certificate authentication. See for a discussion on different security considerations depending on if certificates are used or not.

Key Schedule Modifications When the client and server agree on a PAKE to use, a shared secret derived from the PAKE protocol is concatenated with the regular ECDH(E) input and used as part of the ECDH(E) input to the TLS 1.3 key schedule. Details for the shared secret computation are left to the specific PAKE algorithm. See and for information about how the SPAKE2+ and CPace variants operate, respectively. As with client authentication via certificates, the server has not authenticated the client until after it has received the client's Finished message. When a server negotiates the use of this mechanism for authentication, it SHOULD NOT send application data before it has received the client's Finished message, as it would otherwise be sending data to an unauthenticated client.

Server Simulation To simulate a fake PAKE response, the server does the following:

Select a PAKEScheme supported by the client and server, as normal.
Include the pake extension in its ServerHello, containing a PAKEShare value with the selected PAKEScheme and corresponding pake_message. To generate the pake_message for this PAKEShare value, the server selects a value uniformly at random from the set of possible values of the PAKE algorithm shares.
Perform the rest of the protocol as normal.

Because the server's share was selected uniformly at random, the server will reject the client's Finished message with overwhelming probability. A server that performs the simulation of the protocol acts only as an all-or-nothing oracle for whether a given (identity, password) pair is correct. If an attacker does not supply a correct pair, they do not learn anything beyond this fact.

Compatible PAKE Protocols In order to be usable with the pake extension, a PAKE protocol must specify some syntax for its messages, and the PAKE protocol MUST produce a shared secret in exactly two messages carried in the ClientHello and ServerHello. PAKE protocols that require more than two messages to derive a shared secret are not compatible with this extension. In addition, to be compatible with the security requirements of TLS 1.3, PAKE protocols defined for use with TLS 1.3 MUST provide forward secrecy and MUST be able to achieve key confirmation via TLS 1.3 Finished messages. A specification describing the use of a particular PAKE protocol with TLS must provide the following details:

A PAKEScheme registered value indicating pre-provisioned parameters;
Content of the pake_message field in a ClientHello;
Content of the pake_message field in a ServerHello;
How the PAKE protocol is executed based on those messages; and
How the outputs of the PAKE protocol are used to create the PAKE portion of the(EC)DHE input to the TLS key schedule.

Several current PAKE protocols satisfy these requirements, for example:

CPace
SPAKE2+ (described in )
OPAQUE

SPAKE2+ Integration This section describes the SPAKE2+ instantiation of the pake extension for TLS. The SPAKE2+ protocol is described in . describes the setup required before the protocol runs, and describes the protocol execution in TLS.

Protocol Setup The TLS client and server roles map to the Prover and Verifier roles in the SPAKE2+ specification, respectively. Clients are configured with a client identity, server identity, and password verifier (w0 and w1 according to ). Similarly, servers are configured with a list of client identity, server identity, and password registration values (w0 and L according to ). Servers use this list when completing the SPAKE2+ protocol. The values for the password verifiers and registration records (w0, w1, and L) are not specified here; see for more information. The PAKEScheme value for SPAKE2+ fully defines the parameters associated with the protocol, including the prime-order group G, cryptographic hash function Hash, key derivation function KDF, and message authentication code MAC. Additionally, the PAKEScheme value for SPAKE2+ fully defines the constants for M and N as needed for the protocol; see .

Protocol Execution The content of one PAKEShare value in the PAKEClientHello structure consists of the PAKEScheme value SPAKE2PLUS_V1 and the value shareP as computed in . The content of the server PAKEShare value in the PAKEServerHello structure consists of the PAKEScheme value SPAKE2PLUS_V1 and the value shareV || confirmV, i.e., shareV and confirmV concatenated, as computed in . Given shareP and shareV, the client and server can then both compute K_main, the root secret in the protocol as described in . The "Context" value for SPAKE2+ is equal to tls || application_context where application_context is either an empty string or a string that may be specified by the protocol using tls to include additional context in the protocol transcript. See . The rest of the values needed for the transcript derivation are as configured in , exchanged over the wire, or computed by client and server. Using K_main, the client and server both compute K_shared which is combined with the (EC)DHE shared secret as input to the TLS 1.3 key schedule, where the (EC)DHE shared secret is as specified in or as the concatenated_shared_secret as specified in . Specifically, K_shared || (EC)DHE is used as the (EC)DHE input to the key schedule in , as shown below. HKDF-Extract = Early Secret | +-----> Derive-Secret(...) +-----> Derive-Secret(...) +-----> Derive-Secret(...) | v Derive-Secret(., "derived", "") | v K_shared || (EC)DHE -> HKDF-Extract = Handshake Secret ^^^^^^^^^^^ | +-----> Derive-Secret(...) +-----> Derive-Secret(...) | v Derive-Secret(., "derived", "") | v 0 -> HKDF-Extract = Master Secret | +-----> Derive-Secret(...) +-----> Derive-Secret(...) +-----> Derive-Secret(...) +-----> Derive-Secret(...) ]]> Note that the server does compute and send confirmV as defined in since it can do so within the structure of the TLS 1.3 handshake and the client MUST verify it. If verification of confirmV fails, clients SHOULD abort the handshake with a "decrypt_error" alert. The client and server do not additionally compute or verify confirmP as described in . See for more information about the safety of this approach.

CPace Integration This section describes the CPace instantiation of the pake extension for TLS. The CPace protocol is described in . describes the setup required before the protocol runs, and describes the protocol execution in TLS.

Protocol Setup The TLS client and server roles map to the 'initiator' and 'responder' roles in the CPace specification, respectively. The client and server must share a password-related string (PRS). The associated data for both parties (ADa and ADb) is unused. The client and server may optionally be configured with party identification strings, a channel identifier, and/or a session identifier, as described in . The PAKEScheme value for CPace specifies a cipher suite for the protocol, consisting of a group environment G and cryptographic hash function H.

Protocol Execution The content of one PAKEShare value in the PAKEClientHello structure consists of the PAKEScheme value CPACE_X25519_SHA512 and the value Ya as computed in . The content of the server PAKEShare value in the PAKEServerHello structure consists of the PAKEScheme value CPACE_X25519_SHA512 and the value Yb as computed in . Given Ya and Yb, the client and server can then both compute ISK, the main output secret of the protocol as described in . The various optional CPace inputs (party identification strings, channel identifiers, and session identifiers) may be specified by the application, and will contribute to the derivation of ISK. The client and server both combine ISK with the (EC)DHE shared secret as input to the TLS 1.3 key schedule, where the (EC)DHE shared secret is as specified in or as the concatenated_shared_secret as specified in . Specifically, ISK || (EC)DHE is used as the (EC)DHE input to the key schedule in , as shown above in .

Privacy Considerations Client and server identities are sent in the clear in the PAKEClientHello extension. While normally the TLS server identity is already in the clear -- carried in the SNI extension -- TLS client identities are encrypted under the TLS handshake secrets. Thus, the PAKEClientHello extension reveals more information to a passive network attacker than normal, mutually-authenticated TLS handshakes. The implications of leaking the client identity to a passive network attacker vary. For instance, a successful TLS handshake after negotiating use of a PAKE indicates that the chosen client identity is valid. This is relevant in settings where client enumeration may be a concern. Applications for which this leak is a problem can use the TLS Encrypted ClientHello (ECH) extension to encrypt the PAKEClientHello extension in transit to the server .

Security Considerations

Dictionary attack mitigation Because PAKE security is based on knowledge of a low-entropy secret, an attacker can perform a "dictionary attack" by repeatedly attempting to guess the low-entropy secret. Clients and servers SHOULD apply mitigations against dictionary attacks. Reasonable mitigations include rate-limiting authentication attempts, imposing a backoff time between attempts, limiting the number of failed attempts, or limiting the total number of attempts. Clients SHOULD treat each time they receive an invalid PAKEServerHello as a failed authentication attempt for the identity in the previously sent PAKEClientHello. Servers SHOULD treat each time they send a PAKEServerHello extension as a failed authentication attempt for the selected identity, until they receive a correct Finished message from the client. Once the server receives a correct Finished message, the authentication attempt MAY be treated as successful.

Protection of client identities Many of the security properties of this protocol will derive from the PAKE protocol being used. Security considerations for PAKE protocols are noted in . If a server doesn't recognize the identity supplied by the client in the ClientHello pake extension, the server MAY abort the handshake with an "illegal_parameter" alert. In this case, the server acts as an oracle for identities, in which each handshake allows an attacker to learn whether the server recognizes a given identity. Alternatively, if the server wishes to hide the fact that a client identity is unrecognized, the server MAY simulate the protocol as if an identity was recognized, but the password was incorrect. This is similar to the procedure outlined in . The simulation mechanism is described in .

Ramifications of low entropy secret compromise As with PSK based authentication, if only PAKE authentication is in use, then an attacker that learns the low entropy secret could impersonate either the client or the server. In situations where a notion of stable identity is available, then certificate-based authentication MAY be used as well to reduce this risk. For example, requiring the server to authenticate with a certificate in addition to PAKE authentication means an attacker that learns the password could only impersonate a client to a server, but could not impersonate a server to a client. This is an important distinction in situations where the client sends sensitive data to the server.

SPAKE2+ Security Considerations describes how to integrate SPAKE2+ into TLS using the pake extension in this document. This integration deviates from the SPAKE2+ protocol in in one important way: the explicit key confirmation checks required in are replaced with the TLS Finished messages. This is because the TLS Finished messages compute a MAC over the TLS transcript, which includes both the shareP and shareV values exchanged for SPAKE2+. [[OPEN ISSUE: this requires formal analysis to confirm.]]

CPace Security Considerations describes how to integrate CPace into TLS using the pake extension in this document. Key confirmation is provided via TLS 1.3 Finished messages, satisfying the requirements in .

IANA Considerations This document requests that IANA add a value to the TLS ExtensionType Registry with the following contents:

Value	Extension Name	TLS 1.3	Reference
0xTODO	pake	CH, SH	(this document)

[[ RFC EDITOR: Please replace "TODO" in the above table with the value assigned by IANA, and replace "(this document)" with the RFC number assigned to this document. ]]

PAKE Scheme registry This document requests that IANA create a new registry called "PAKE Schemes" with the following contents:

Value	PAKEScheme	Reference	Notes
0xTODO	SPAKE2PLUS_V1	(this document)	N/A
0xTODO	CPACE_X25519_SHA512	(this document)	N/A

The SPAKE2PLUS_V1 PAKEScheme variant has the following parameters associated with it:

G: P-256
Hash: SHA256
KDF: HKDF-SHA256
MAC: HMAC-SHA256

Additionally, it uses the M and N values from , included below, as compressed points on the P-256 curve, for completeness. The CPACE_X25519_SHA512 PAKEScheme variant has the parameters for 'CPACE-X25519-SHA512' as specified in .

Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the original authors of for providing a firm basis for the extension mechanism specified in this document.

Change Log Since draft-ietf-tls-pake-00

Add CPace as a second PAKE instantiation
Require PAKE protocols to complete in exactly two messages (ClientHello and ServerHello)
Require PAKE protocols to support key confirmation via TLS 1.3 Finished messages
Clarify server behavior when both pake and pre_shared_key extensions are present: server MUST select authentication mechanism based on preference, not client identity recognition
Add explicit requirement that server MUST send missing_extension alert if pake extension is present without key_share and supported_groups extensions
Specify that SPAKE2+ Context string MUST be prefixed with "tls" to prevent cross-protocol attacks

Since draft-bmw-tls-pake13-02

Updated boilerplate after WG adoption

Since draft-bmw-tls-pake13-01

Require standard TLS Key exchange to be combined with pake
Allow combining PAKEs and certificates