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Security Web Authorization Protocol oauth This specification defines a mechanism through which an OAuth client can identify itself to authorization servers, without prior dynamic client registration or other existing registration. This is through the usage of a URL as a client_id in an OAuth flow, where the URL refers to a document containing the necessary client metadata, enabling the authorization server to fetch the metadata about the client as needed. About This Document The latest revision of this draft can be found at . Status information for this document may be found at . Discussion of this document takes place on the Web Authorization Protocol Working Group mailing list (), which is archived at . Subscribe at . Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at .

Introduction In order for an OAuth 2.0 client to utilize an OAuth 2.0 authorization server, the client needs to establish a unique identifier, and needs to provide the server with metadata about the application, such as the application name, icon and redirect URIs. In cases where a client is interacting with authorization servers that it has no relationship with, manual registration is impossible. While Dynamic Client Registration can provide a method for a previously unknown client to establish itself at an authorization server and obtain a client identifier, this is not always practical in some deployments and can create additional challenges around management of the registration data and cleanup of inactive clients. This specification describes how an OAuth 2.0 client can publish its own registration information and avoid the need for pre-registering at each authorization server.

Conventions and Definitions The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

Client Identifier This specification defines the client identifier as a URL with the following restrictions. Client identifier URLs MUST have an "https" scheme, MUST contain a path component, MUST NOT contain single-dot or double-dot path segments, MUST NOT contain a fragment component and MUST NOT contain a username or password Client identifier URLs SHOULD NOT include a query string component, and MAY contain a port. This specification places no restrictions on what URL is used as a client identifier. A short URL is RECOMMENDED, since the URL may be displayed to the end user in the authorization interface or in management interfaces. Usage of a stable URL that does not frequently change for the client is also RECOMMENDED.

Client Information Discovery One purpose of registering clients at the authorization server is so that the authorization server has additional information about the client that can be used during an OAuth flow, such as presenting information about the client to the user in an authorization consent screen, for example the client name and logo. The authorization server SHOULD fetch the document indicated by the client_id to retrieve the client registration information. A successful response MUST use the 200 OK HTTP status code. The authorization server MUST treat all other HTTP status codes as an error response. The authorization server MUST NOT automatically follow HTTP redirects when retrieving the client registration information. Special care should be taken to avoid Server Side Request Forgery (SSRF) Attacks when fetching Client ID Metadata Documents, as described in .

Client Metadata Document The client metadata document is a JSON () document containing the metadata of the client. The client metadata values are the values defined in the OAuth Dynamic Client Registration Metadata OAuth Parameters registry https://www.iana.org/assignments/oauth-parameters/oauth-parameters.xhtml#client-metadata. The client metadata document MUST be served with a 200 OK HTTP status code. The client metadata document MUST contain a client_id property whose value MUST match the URL of the document using simple string comparison as defined in Section 6.2.1. The client metadata document MAY define additional properties in the response. The client metadata document MAY also be served with more specific content types as long as the response is JSON and conforms to application/<AS-defined>+json. As there is no way to establish a shared secret to be used with client metadata documents, the following restrictions apply on the contents of the client metadata document:

• the token_endpoint_auth_method property MUST NOT include client_secret_post, client_secret_basic, client_secret_jwt, or any other method based around a shared symmetric secret.
• the client_secret and client_secret_expires_at properties MUST NOT be used

See for more details. Other specifications MAY place additional restrictions on the contents of the client metadata document accepted by authorization servers implementing their specification, for instance, preventing the registration of confidential clients by requiring the token_endpoint_auth_method property be set to "none". TBD: We may want a property such as client_id_expires_at for indicating that the client is ephemeral and not valid after a given timestamp, especially for documents issued by a service for development purposes.

Client Metadata Documents for Development Purposes An authorization server may have restrictions on what it accepts as valid redirect_uris, for instance, limiting them to the same-origin as the client_id or client_uri properties. However, if an authorization server does place additional restrictions on the accepted redirect_uris then it SHOULD provide at least one Client ID Metadata Document Service (described below) which is exempt from these restrictions. When developing applications against an authorization server which uses this specification, developers often encounter the issue of "how do I serve a Client ID Metadata Document at a publicly accessible https URL whilst developing my application on my localhost?". To enable developers to author applications on their machines, without exposing their machines to the public internet, the usage of Client ID Metadata Document Services by the authorization server is RECOMMENDED. A Client ID Metadata Document Service is a web service through which developers can acquire a stable URL to a Client ID Metadata Document. This service MAY expire clients from time to time, and MAY require developers to provide additional information about the client being developed. By providing at least one Client ID Metadata Document Service, an authorization server can enable developers to create applications, and still indicate to non-technical people that the client that they are about to authorize is currently under-development and may not be trustworthy or secure.

Metadata Discovery Errors If fetching the metadata document fails, the authorization server SHOULD abort the authorization request.

Metadata Caching The authorization server MAY cache the client metadata it discovers at the client metadata document URL. The authorization server SHOULD respect HTTP cache headers when caching client metadata, but MAY define its own upper and/or lower bounds on an acceptable cache lifetime as well. The authorization server MUST NOT cache error responses. The authorization server also MUST NOT cache documents which are invalid or malformed.

Redirect URL Registration According to , the authorization server MUST require registration of redirect URIs, and MUST ensure that the redirect URI in a request is an exact match of a registered redirect URI. This method of client information discovery establishes a registered redirect URI with the authorization server which is used when comparing the redirect URI in an authorization request against the registered redirect URIs.

Authorization Server Metadata Authorization servers that publish Authorization Server Metadata MUST include the following property to signal support for client metadata documents as described in this specification.

client_id_metadata_document_supported:

OPTIONAL. Boolean value specifying whether the authorization server supports retrieving client metadata from a client_id URL as described in this specification.

This enables clients to avoid sending the user to a dead end, by only redirecting the user to an authorization server that supports this specification. Otherwise, the client would redirect the user and the user would be met with an error about an invalid client as described by Section 4.1.2.1 of .

Security Considerations In addition to the security considerations in OAuth 2.0 Core , and OAuth 2.0 Threat Model and Security Considerations , and the additional considerations apply.

Relationship between redirect_uris and client_id or client_uri An authorization server MAY impose restrictions or relationships between the redirect_uris and the client_id or client_uri properties, for example to restrict the redirect_uri to the same-origin as the Client ID Metadata Document. Without restrictions like these, there are potential trust and safety issues where the client attempts to impersonate a more well-known client or otherwise act in a way which is malicious or puts the end-user at risk. Having no restrictions on the relationship between redirect_uris and client_id or client_uri was a common practice with 's Client ID Documents, so this ability is preserved for backwards compatibility between and this specification. Some restrictions on redirect_uris can make developer usage of Client ID Metadata Documents difficult. The section contains recommendations for enabling development usage of Client ID Metadata Documents for authorization servers that impose restrictions on the redirect_uri.

Client Authentication Since the client establishes its own registration data at the authorization server, prior coordination of client credentials is not possible. However, clients MAY establish credentials at the authorization server by using authentication methods that use public/private key pairs, by publishing the public key in their metadata document. For example, the client MAY include the following properties in its metadata document to establish a public key and advertise the private_key_jwt authentication method defined in : This establishes this client as a confidential client, and any communication with the authorization server MUST include client authentication of the registered type. The particular method of how the client manages the private key is out of scope of this specification, but may include manual provisioning or methods such as Attestation Based Client Authentication . For example, the client developer could run a Client Attester Backend, using a native application's platform-specific APIs to authenticate to the backend service, where the private key corresponding to the jwks_uri key is managed by the backend service. This would allow a mobile app to request JWTs from the backend service that the mobile app could then use as client authentication to the authorization server.

Changes in Client Metadata Authorization servers should be aware that client metadata documents can change over time since they are served from URLs under client control. Authorization servers should consider the security implications when metadata properties change, such as redirect_uris, token_endpoint_auth_method, scope, grant_types, jwks, jwks_uri, or display properties like client_name and logo_uri. Significant changes to client metadata may affect the trust relationship between the authorization server and the client, and could impact the validity of previously granted user consent. Authorization servers may choose to invalidate existing grants, require fresh user consent, or implement other policies when certain types of metadata changes are detected. The appropriate response will depend on the authorization server's risk tolerance and operational requirements.

Changes in Client Keys If the authorization server notices that the jwks, jwks_uri or the contents at the jwks_uri have changed compared to the last time it fetched the metadata, the authorization server MAY take actions such as revoking any tokens issued to this client, or revoking the user's consent for this client. The particular actions to take are left up to the discretion of the authorization server based on its own risk assessment. However, periodic rotation of keys can also be expected as good security hygiene by the client.

OAuth Phishing Attacks Authorization servers SHOULD fetch the client_id metadata document provided in the authorization request in order to provide users with additional information about the request, such as the application name and logo. If the server does not fetch the client metadata document, then it SHOULD take additional measures to ensure the user is provided with as much information as possible about the request. The authorization server SHOULD display the hostname of the client_id on the authorization interface, in addition to displaying the fetched client information if any. Displaying the hostname helps users know that they are authorizing the expected application. If fetching the client metadata document fails for any reason, the client_id URL is the only piece of information the user has as an indication of which application they are authorizing.

Server Side Request Forgery (SSRF) Attacks Authorization servers fetching the client metadata document and resolving URLs located in the metadata document should be aware of possible SSRF attacks. Authorization servers MUST validate that the Client ID Metadata Document URL does not resolve to special-use IP addresses as defined in , except when the authorization server itself is also running on a loopback address and the resolved address matches the same loopback interface. Authorization servers SHOULD NOT fetch any URLs contained within Client ID Metadata Documents that resolve to special-use IP addresses as defined in and consider network policies or other measures to prevent making requests to these addresses. Authorization servers which support non-http-based URI schemes are at additional risk of SSRF attacks.

Maximum Response Size for Client Metadata Documents Authorization servers SHOULD limit the response size when fetching the client metadata document, as to avoid denial of service attacks against the authorization server by consuming excessive resources (memory, disk, database). The recommended maximum response size for client metadata documents is 5 kilobytes.

Displaying Logos to End-Users Authorization servers that wish to make use of the logo_uri property within client metadata document SHOULD prefetch the file at logo_uri and cache it for the cache duration of the client metadata document. This allows for moderation tools to verify the file contents (e.g., preventing usage of logos that look like other logos), as well as preventing the logo from being dynamically changed to confuse an end-user. Caching of the logo_uri response can additionally prevent cross-domain tracking through the logo_uri being requested by the client, since the cached file would be served not from the remote URI but instead from a URI that the Authorization server trusts.

Client ID Domain Trust The authorization server MAY choose to have its own heuristics and policies around the trust of domain names used as client IDs. For example, the authorization server could require that the first 100 users to authorize a client_id see an additional warning screen before the OAuth consent screen. The authorization server could check attributes of the domain reputation, such as how recently the domain was registered, and put up extra warnings for new domains.

Supporting Both Pre-Registered and Unregistered Clients If an Authorization Server wishes to support clients using Client ID Metadata Documents as well as clients where the Authorization Server generates the client_id, it SHOULD ensure that the client_id strings it generates do not start with https://. Given that most implementations of Authorization Servers generate random values for the client_id, this is not expected to be a problem in practice.

Pre-Registering Client ID Metadata Document URLs An Authorization Server MAY pre-register Client ID Metadata Document URLs. While this effectively defeats the purpose of enabling the dynamic relationship between clients and authorization servers, it can be a good way to support clients that define their own client IDs as Client ID Metadata Document URLs while not wanting to enable unknown clients to access the authorization server. This deployment pattern is expected to be common in enterprise environments where the enterprise customers wish to explicitly onboard particular clients into their environment. The Client ID Metadata Document URL can be registered with the identity provider, including establishing client authentication as described in , where it can behave the same way as a pre-registered client. There is no obligation to support dynamic client onboarding by using the mechanisms described in this document.

IANA Considerations

OAuth Authorization Server Metadata Registry The following authorization server metadata value is defined by this specification and registered in the IANA "OAuth Authorization Server Metadata" registry established in OAuth 2.0 Authorization Server Metadata .

• Metadata Name: client_id_metadata_document_supported:
• Metadata Description: JSON boolean value specifying whether the authorization server supports retrieving client metadata from a client_id URL.
• Change Controller: IETF
• Specification Document: of [draft-ietf-oauth-client-id-metadata-document-01]

References Normative References A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a compact sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource. This specification defines the generic URI syntax and a process for resolving URI references that might be in relative form, along with guidelines and security considerations for the use of URIs on the Internet. The URI syntax defines a grammar that is a superset of all valid URIs, allowing an implementation to parse the common components of a URI reference without knowing the scheme-specific requirements of every possible identifier. This specification does not define a generative grammar for URIs; that task is performed by the individual specifications of each URI scheme. [STANDARDS-TRACK] The OAuth 2.0 authorization framework enables a third-party application to obtain limited access to an HTTP service, either on behalf of a resource owner by orchestrating an approval interaction between the resource owner and the HTTP service, or by allowing the third-party application to obtain access on its own behalf. This specification replaces and obsoletes the OAuth 1.0 protocol described in RFC 5849. [STANDARDS-TRACK] This document gives additional security considerations for OAuth, beyond those in the OAuth 2.0 specification, based on a comprehensive threat model for the OAuth 2.0 protocol. This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for informational purposes. This memo reiterates the assignment of an IPv4 address block (192.0.0.0/24) to IANA. It also instructs IANA to restructure its IPv4 and IPv6 Special-Purpose Address Registries. Upon restructuring, the aforementioned registries will record all special-purpose address blocks, maintaining a common set of information regarding each address block. This specification defines mechanisms for dynamically registering OAuth 2.0 clients with authorization servers. Registration requests send a set of desired client metadata values to the authorization server. The resulting registration responses return a client identifier to use at the authorization server and the client metadata values registered for the client. The client can then use this registration information to communicate with the authorization server using the OAuth 2.0 protocol. This specification also defines a set of common client metadata fields and values for clients to use during registration. JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is a lightweight, text-based, language-independent data interchange format. It was derived from the ECMAScript Programming Language Standard. JSON defines a small set of formatting rules for the portable representation of structured data. This document removes inconsistencies with other specifications of JSON, repairs specification errors, and offers experience-based interoperability guidance. This specification defines a metadata format that an OAuth 2.0 client can use to obtain the information needed to interact with an OAuth 2.0 authorization server, including its endpoint locations and authorization server capabilities. This document describes best current security practice for OAuth 2.0. It updates and extends the threat model and security advice given in RFCs 6749, 6750, and 6819 to incorporate practical experiences gathered since OAuth 2.0 was published and covers new threats relevant due to the broader application of OAuth 2.0. Further, it deprecates some modes of operation that are deemed less secure or even insecure. In many standards track documents several words are used to signify the requirements in the specification. These words are often capitalized. This document defines these words as they should be interpreted in IETF documents. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. RFC 2119 specifies common key words that may be used in protocol specifications. This document aims to reduce the ambiguity by clarifying that only UPPERCASE usage of the key words have the defined special meanings. Informative References Inrupt NAT.Consulting Yubico Self-Issued Consulting Google Disney independent Self-Issued Consulting Sikt Yubico independent Connect2id MATTR Bundesdruckerei SPRIND This specification defines an extension to the OAuth 2 protocol as defined in [RFC6749] which enables a Client Instance to include a key-bound attestation in interactions with an Authorization Server or a Resource Server. This new method enables Client Instances involved in a client deployment that is traditionally viewed as a public client, to be able to utilize this key-bound attestation to authenticate. This specification defines the use of a JSON Web Token (JWT) Bearer Token as a means for requesting an OAuth 2.0 access token as well as for client authentication. The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a stateless application-level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypertext information systems. This document defines HTTP caches and the associated header fields that control cache behavior or indicate cacheable response messages. This document obsoletes RFC 7234.

Acknowledgments The idea of using URIs as the client_id in OAuth based authorization requests is not new, and has previously been specified in varying ways by , , and . This specification is largely inspired by the work of Aaron Coburn, elf Pavlik, and Dmitri Zagidulin in their specification which defined dereferenceable Client Identifier Documents. The authors would like to thank the following people for their contributions and reviews of this specification: Bobby Tiernay, Brian Campbell, Bryan Newbold, Dick Hardt, Filip Skokan, Jeff Lombardo, Leif Johansson, Matthieu Sieben, Meghna Dubey, Orie Steele, Pieter Kasselman, and Takahiko Kawasaki.

Document History (This appendix to be deleted by the RFC editor in the final specification.) -01

• Added security consideration for changes in Client Metadata
• Added guidance for an AS that supports both registered and unregistered clients
• Require HTTP 200 response for fetching metadata
• Added additional SSRF considerations

-00

• Initial draft